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Transform3D t3d = new Transform3D(); t3d.setEuler( new Vector3d( Math.PI / 2.0, Math.PI, 0 ) ); tg.setTransform( t3d ); //create appearance and material for the Cone Appearance app = new Appearance(); Color3f black = new Color3f(0.4f, 0.2f, 0.1f); app.setMaterial(new Material(objColor, black, objColor, black, 90.0f)); //create the Primitive and add to the parent BranchGroup tg.addChild( new Cone( 1, 3, Primitive.GENERATE_NORMALS, app ) ); viewerAvatar.addChild( tg ); return viewerAvatar; } //create a simple Raster text label used to help identify //the viewer. PlatformGeometry createPlatformGeometry( String szText ) { PlatformGeometry pg = new PlatformGeometry(); pg.addChild( createLabel( szText, 0f, 2f, 0f ) ); return pg; } //creates a simple Raster text label (similar to Text2D) private Shape3D createLabel( String szText, float x, float y, float z ) { BufferedImage bufferedImage = new BufferedImage( 25, 14, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB ); Graphics g = bufferedImage.getGraphics(); g.setColor( Color.white ); g.drawString( szText, 2, 12 ); ImageComponent2D imageComponent2D = new ImageComponent2D( ImageComponent2D.FORMAT_RGB, bufferedImage ); //create the Raster for the image javax.media.j3d.Raster renderRaster = new javax.media.j3d.Raster( new Point3f( x, y, z ), javax.media.j3d.Raster.RASTER_COLOR, 0, 0, bufferedImage.getWidth(), bufferedImage.getHeight(), imageComponent2D, null ); return new Shape3D( renderRaster ); } 6.3.1 Avatars and platform geometry The SimpleUniverseclass allows you to attach geometry to the viewer of your 3D scene. There are two methods of attaching viewer geometry using the SimpleUniverseclass: ViewingPlatform.setPlatformGeometryor Viewer.setAvatar. The ViewingPlatform can be accessed from the SimpleUniverseby calling getViewingPlatformor calling getViewer to access the Viewerobject. There does not seem to be any difference between these two methods. 91
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From PlatformTest.java //This method creates the SimpleUniverse View and ViewPlatform //scenegraph elements to create an avatar that has an associated //Canvas3D for rendering, a PlatformGeometry, ViewerAvatar, and a //KeyNavigator to allow movement of the ViewerAvatar with the //keyboard. ViewingPlatform createViewer( Canvas3D c, String szName, Color3f objColor, double x, double z ) { //create a Viewer and attach to its canvas. A Canvas3D can //only be attached to a single Viewer. Viewer viewer2 = new Viewer( c ); //create a ViewingPlatform with 1 TransformGroup above the //ViewPlatform ViewingPlatform vp2 = new ViewingPlatform( 1 ); //create and assign the PlatformGeometry to the Viewer vp2.setPlatformGeometry( createPlatformGeometry( szName ) ); //create and assign the ViewerAvatar to the Viewer viewer2.setAvatar( createViewerAvatar( szName, objColor ) ); //set the initial position for the Viewer Transform3D t3d = new Transform3D(); t3d.setTranslation( new Vector3d( x, 0, z ) ); vp2.getViewPlatformTransform().setTransform( t3d ); //set capabilities on the TransformGroup so that the //KeyNavigatorBehavior can modify the Viewer’s position vp2.getViewPlatformTransform().setCapability( TransformGroup.ALLOW_TRANSFORM_WRITE ); vp2.getViewPlatformTransform().setCapability( TransformGroup.ALLOW_TRANSFORM_READ ); //attach a navigation behavior to the position of the viewer KeyNavigatorBehavior key = new KeyNavigatorBehavior( vp2.getViewPlatformTransform() ); key.setSchedulingBounds( m_Bounds ); key.setEnable( false ); //add the KeyNavigatorBehavior to the ViewingPlatform vp2.addChild( key ); //set the ViewingPlatform for the Viewer viewer2.setViewingPlatform( vp2 ); return vp2; } //creates and positions a simple Cone to represent the Viewer. //The Cone is aligned and scaled such that it is similar to a 3D //”turtle”. ViewerAvatar createViewerAvatar( String szText, Color3f objColor ) { ViewerAvatar viewerAvatar = new ViewerAvatar(); //rotate the Cone so that it is lying down and the sharp end //is pointed toward the Viewer’s field of view. TransformGroup tg = new TransformGroup(); 90
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Figure 6.3 Overhead view of the virtual arena with two avatars: Dan and Jim Figure 6.4 The view for avatar Jim Jim can see Dan Figure 6.5 The view for avatar Dan Dan can see Jim The example is too lengthy to be included in its entirety but some illustrative excerpts have been extracted: 89
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Figure 6.2 The SimpleUniverse class encapsulates the details of the view side of the scenegraph (lower branch). The ViewingPlatform has been highlighted and contains a MultiTransformGroup composed of two TransformGroups. Attached to the ViewPlatform are a PlatformGeometry Group and a ViewerAvatar Group. By attaching a Key behavior to one of the TransformGroups in the MultiTransformGroup, the View, PlatformGeometry, and ViewerAvatar can all be moved simultaneously and rendered into the Canvas3D attached to the view SimpleUniverseis a bit of a misnomer since the class is anything but simple, and this can cause initial confusion because of the plethora of support classes that it relies upon. SimpleUniverseintroduces five new (non-core-API) classes: Viewer, a container class that keeps references to the following: ViewerAvatar, a representation of the viewer of the scene. Canvas3D, used for rendering the scene. AWT Framecontains the Canvas3Dused for rendering. PhysicalBodyreferences the view s PhysicalBody. PhysicalEnvironmentreferences the view s PhysicalEnvironment. View is used for the viewer of the scene. ViewingPlatform(extends BranchGroup) helps set up the Viewside of the scenegraph by creating a hierarchy of TransformGroupsabove the ViewPlatformwhere the view is attached to the scenegraph. The hierarchy of TransformGroupsis encapsulated in a MultiTransformGroup. In this way a series of transformations can be applied to the view irrespective of transformations that are applied on the geometry side of the scenegraph. ViewerAvatar(extends BranchGroup) contains the geometry used to render the viewer s virtual self in the virtual environment. MultiTransformGroupis a simple encapsulation of a Vectorof TransformGroups. PlatformGeometry(extends BranchGroup) contains the geometry associated with the viewer s ViewingPlatform. For example, in a multiplayer gaming scenario, each player might be able to drive one of several vehicles. A ViewingPlatformwould represent each vehicle in the scenegraph, and the geometry for the vehicle would be attached to the ViewingPlatform. The player would be represented by geometry attached to the ViewerAvatar, which in turn would govern another player s view of the player, while the ViewingPlatformwould contain the geometry to describe the internal characteristics of the vehicle the player was riding in. By attaching the view to different ViewingPlatforms, the player can move between vehicles. In the PlatformTest example, two avatars (Dan and Jim) and three views are created: overhead, Dan s, and Jim s (figures 6.3 6.5). Each Avataris assigned ViewerAvatargeometry (a simple Cone pointing in the direction of view) and PlatformGeometry(a text label to identify the avatar). 88
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//meters, you can see geometry objects that are positioned at 0,0,0. Transform3D t3d = new Transform3D(); t3d.setTranslation( new Vector3d( 0.0, 0.0, 20.0 ) ); tg.setTransform( t3d ); Now we need to create the Viewobject itself and attach it to the ViewPlatformthat was added to the scenegraph. //create the View object View view = new View(); //create the PhysicalBody and PhysicalEnvironment for the View //and attach to the View PhysicalBody pb = new PhysicalBody(); PhysicalEnvironment pe = new PhysicalEnvironment(); view.setPhysicalEnvironment( pe ); view.setPhysicalBody( pb ); //attach the View to the ViewPlatform view.attachViewPlatform( vp ); //set the near and far clipping planes for the View view.setBackClipDistance( 110 ); view.setFrontClipDistance( 10 ); Finally, create a Canvas3Dcomponent (an AWT object) and add it to the View s list of Canvases to be rendered into. //create the Canvas3D that the View will render into. //get the graphics capabilities of the system and create //the best Canvas3D possible. GraphicsConfigTemplate3D gc3D = new GraphicsConfigTemplate3D(); gc3D.setSceneAntialiasing( GraphicsConfigTemplate.PREFERRED ); GraphicsDevice gd[] = GraphicsEnvironment. getLocalGraphicsEnvironment().getScreenDevices(); Canvas3D c3d = new Canvas3D( gd[0].getBestConfiguration( gc3D ) ); //set the size of the Canvas3D c3d.setSize( 512, 512 ); //add the Canvas3D to the View so that it is rendered into view.addCanvas3D( c3d ); //add the Canvas3D component to a parent AWT or Swing Panel add( c3d ); 6.3 SimpleUniverse To simplify creating the Viewside of the scenegraph, Sun has provided the SimpleUniverseclass (figure 6.2). SimpleUniverseis defined in the com.sun.j3d.utilspackage and as such should not be considered part of the core Java 3D API. The SimpleUniverseclass hides some of the complexity of manually defining the Viewside of the scenegraph at the expense of the flexibility of using the core API classes only. 87
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BranchGroup sceneBranchGroup = createSceneBranchGroup(); sceneBranchGroup.compile(); //add the scene BranchGroup to the Locale locale.addBranchGraph( sceneBranchGroup ); Note that this code will not yet make the geometry visible until a Viewand a ViewPlatformare created. This is the subject of the next section. 6.2 View, ViewPlatform, and Locale Now that a Localehas been created and populated with geometry, Java 3D must be instructed to render the Locale. The key to Java 3D rendering is the Viewclass which attaches to the ViewPlatforminstance that is within the scenegraph. The Viewcontrols Java 3D rendering and must have an attached Canvas3D component to render into. Multiple Canvas3Dinstances can be attached to the View, allowing multiple (identical) copies of the Viewto be rendered simultaneously. The clipping planes for the View control how much of the scene is rendered. In the example, CLIPPING the front plane is 10 meters from the viewer, while the back clipping plane is 110 meters from PLANES the viewer. However, since the viewer has been moved back 20 meters from the origin, the scene will be rendered from 10 to +90 in the Z direction. Note that one cannot set arbitrary clipping planes. The clipping planes have a physical significance in that they define a view frustum. The view frustum defines the pyramidal volume of 3D space that is rendered. The ViewPlatformis a simple Java 3D Leaf Nodeand can be added to the Locale as shown by the Java3dApplet code: Based on Java3dApplet.java //create the ViewPlatform BranchGroup BranchGroup vpBranchGroup = new BranchGroup(); //create a TransformGroup to scale the ViewPlatform //(and hence View) TransformGroup tg = new TransformGroup(); //create the ViewPlatform ViewPlatform vp = new ViewPlatform(); vp.setViewAttachPolicy( View.RELATIVE_TO_FIELD_OF_VIEW ); //attach the ViewPlatform to the TransformGroup tg.addChild( vp ); //attach the TransformGroup to the BranchGroup vpBranchGroup.addChild( tg ); //finally, add the ViewPlatform BranchGroup to the Locale locale.addBranchGraph( vpBranchGroup ); Note that the TransformGroupcreated just before the ViewPlatformcan be used to scale, translate, or rotate the scene rendered by the Viewattached to the ViewPlatform. For example: //Move the camera BACK a little. Note that Transformation //matrices above the ViewPlatform are inverted by the View //renderer prior to rendering. By moving the camera back 20 86
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express. Table 6.1 Physical dimensions expressed as a power of 2 2n Meters Units 87.29 Universe (20 billion light-years) 69.68 Galaxy (100,000 light-years) 53.07 Light-year 43.43 Solar system diameter 23.60 Earth diameter 10.65 Mile 9.97 Kilometer 0.00 Meter 19.93 Micron 33.22 Angstrom 115.57 Planck length For example, to specify a distance in light-years (9,460 billion kilometers), find from table 6.1 that 253.07 is equal to 9,460 billion kilometers. That is, a 1 at the 53rd bit position will be approximately one light-year. When mapped into the integer array, the 53rd bit is located within the integer at index 3 53/32 = 2. It is the 21st bit (53 32) within the third integer of the array. The number 221 equals 0×200000, so setting the integer at index 2 of the integer array to 0×200000 will create a HiResCoordinstance that stores approximately a light-year. The integer at index 3 is defined to store meters, so simply setting the integer at index 3 will define a HiResCoordin meters. Conversely, the 20th bit to the right of the decimal point position is approximately a micron. A useful exercise would be to develop a Java class that returned a HiResCoordfor quantities expressed in the various units shown in table 6.1. //creates a Locale that is positioned (232 + 5) meters //away from the origin in the +Z direction. int[] xPos = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }; int[] yPos = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }; int[] zPos = { 0, 0, 1, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0 }; HiResCoord hiResCoord = new HiResCoord( xPos, yPos, zPos ); Once a Localehas been created and positioned, it can be populated with geometry by attaching a BranchGroupcontaining scenegraph elements: //create the Universe m_Universe = new VirtualUniverse(); //create the position for the Locale int[] xPos = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }; int[] yPos = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }; int[] zPos = { 0, 0, 1, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0 }; HiResCoord hiResCoord = new HiResCoord( xPos, yPos, zPos ); //create the Locale and attach to the VirtualUniverse Locale locale = new Locale( u, hiResCoord ); //create the BranchGroup containing the Geometry for the scene 85
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How would one go about building such a model for the viewer to be able to switch between three different viewing modes? Galaxy: See the Sun with the planets rotating about it. Earth: See the planet Earth as it spins about its axis. House: View the house on earth. Localeswere designed to handle applications such as that just described. The HiResCoordTestexample implements the application shown in figure 6.1. Creating multiple Localesis a fairly lengthy process, so the whole example cannot be included here. Figure 6.1 Views of the three Locales defined in HiResCoordTest.java The first problem encountered is how to specify the location of a Locale. From HiResCoordTest.java protected Locale createLocaleEarth( VirtualUniverse u ) { int[] xPos = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }; int[] yPos = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }; int[] zPos = { 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 }; HiResCoord hiResCoord = new HiResCoord( xPos, yPos, zPos ); return new Locale( u, hiResCoord ); } A HiResCoordis created using three 8-element integer arrays. An int is 32 bits, so 8 * 32 = 256 bits. NOTE The integer at index 0 contains the most significant bit, while the integer at index 7 contains the least significant bit. The decimal point is defined to lie between indexes 3 and 4, that is, 0×0 0×0 0×0 0×0 . 0×0 0×0 0×0 0×0 The 8-element integer array to specify a coordinate can be considered an 8-digit number in base 232. The numbers that can be expressed by such an entity are mind-boggling, but table 6.1 (from the API specification) can be used to get you into the right ballpark for the quantity you are trying to 84
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CHAPTER 6 Defining the universe 6.1 Locales and HiResCoord 6.2 View, ViewPlatform, and Locale 6.3 SimpleUniverse 6.4 Background geometry 6.5 Using multiple views 6.6 Summary One of the fundamental choices you will have to make in your choice of VirtualUniverseconfiguration is whether to use the SimpleUniverseutility classes or to rely upon the lower level VirtualUniverse classes. By the end of this chapter you should understand the elements of the Java 3D scenegraph rendering model. Essential elements of the Java 3D scenegraph are covered: Defining regions within your universe using Locales Attaching the Viewmodel to the VirtualUniversethrough the ViewPlatform Using multiple Viewsfor rendering SimpleUniverseutility classes Creating Views, Geometry, and PlatformGeometryfor Avatars 6.1 Locales and HiResCoord The VirtualUniverseclass contains the virtual world that an application developer populates with Geometry, Behaviors, Lights, and so forth. The VirtualUniverseconsists of a collection of Locales. A Localedefines a geographical area within the VirtualUniverseand is anchored at a given 3D coordinate. A Localeuses 256-bit coordinates to specify the anchored x, y, and z position. The 256-bit coordinates are stored in a HiResCoordobject and allow a Localeto be positioned within a virtual space the size of the known (physical) universe yet also maintain a precision of a Planck length (smaller than the size of a proton). Most applications do not require more than one Locale; hence the SimpleUniverseclass creates a VirtualUniverseinstance with a single Locale. SimpleUniverseis derived from VirtualUniverseand is covered in detail in chapter 3. The default constructor for a Localepositions the Localeat the origin of the VirtualUniverse. Within a Locale, doubles or floats are used to specify the positions of objects. If a double is large enough to represent the positions of all the objects within your scene accurately, then a single Localeshould be sufficient. However, imagine a scenario: your application is to model parts of the galaxy. The model is to contain the planets orbiting the Sun. On the Earth, the model contains a geometry object a few meters across to represent a house. All the objects in the model are to be created to scale. 83
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Figure 5.5 A TransformGroup is used to rotate a ColorCube and Text2D label to a desired orientation A detailed understanding of the mathematics behind the Transform3Dobject is very useful, but is beyond the scope of this book. Some useful references for mathematics for 3D graphics are presented in appendix B. Transform3Dincludes methods that allow application developers to apply transformations while remaining largely ignorant of the underlying implementation. 5.11 Summary This chapter has introduced many of the Nodetypes available in Java 3D. The Java 3D Nodescover the basic requirements of most scenegraphs: Propagation of boundary information Specification of collision boundary information Grouping of Nodesinto logical units (Group) Attach and detach Groups (BranchGroup) Influence the order of rendering within a Group(OrderedGroup) Sharing of Groups across the scenegraph hierarchy (SharedGroupand Link) Rotate, translate and scale the children of a Group (TransformGroup) Armed with the information in chapters 4 and 5 you should be able to tackle the high-level scenegraph design for your application. The chapters to come will also be very useful, as we start to discuss how the scenegraph fits into the Java 3D VirtualUniverseas well as the rendering model (chapter 6), the data model for your application (chapter 7), and Java 3D s geometry description capabilities (chapter . 82
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