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Figure 9.17 The lower two vertices have transparency 0.0, while the upper two vertices have transparency 1.0. The Alpha test value is 0.5 and Alpha test function is LESS. Note that, as the QuadArray rotates, the transparency interpolation changes as a function of the rotation and an apparent spike appears in the middle of the quad 9.9 TexCoordGeneration java.lang.Object | +–javax.media.j3d.SceneGraphObject | +–javax.media.j3d.NodeComponent | +–javax.media.j3d.TexCoordGeneration Table 9.10 Capability bits for the TexCoordGeneration class ENABLE FORMAT MODE PLANE OpenGL Reference: glTexGen Java 3D s texture capabilities (table 9.10) are discussed in detail in chapter 14. 9.10 TextureAttributes java.lang.Object | +–javax.media.j3d.SceneGraphObject | +–javax.media.j3d.NodeComponent | +–javax.media.j3d.TextureAttributes Table 9.11 Capability bits for the TextureAttributes class 139
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Figure 9.16 Using RenderingAttributes to control the portions of a QuadArray that are rendered. Vertex 0 has transparency 0.0, vertex 1 has transparency 0.2, vertex 2 has transparency 0.8, and vertex 3 has transparency 1.0. In all cases the Alpha test value was set to 0.5 Table 9.9 Alpha test modes Alpha test function Meaning ALWAYS Always render pixel regardless of A EQUAL Render pixel if pixel transparency = A GREATER Render pixel if pixel transparency > A GREATER_OR_EQUAL Render pixel if pixel transparency >= A LESS Render pixel if pixel transparency < A LESS_OR_EQUAL Render pixel if pixel transparency <= A NEVER Never render pixel regardless of A NOT_EQUAL Render pixel if pixel transparency != A The interpolation of transparency values across primitives (quads or triangles) can sometimes be surprising. Figure 9.17 illustrates what happens to a QuadArraywhen it is rotated. In this case vertexes 0 and 1 have a transparency of 0.0, and vertexes 1 and 2 have a transparency of 1.0. 138
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Figure 9.14 CULL_FRONT, NORMAL_FLIP = false Figure 9.15 CULL_FRONT, NORMAL_FLIP = true 9.8 RenderingAttributes java.lang.Object | +–javax.media.j3d.SceneGraphObject | +–javax.media.j3d.NodeComponent | +–javax.media.j3d.RenderingAttributes Table 9.8 Capability bits for the RenderingAttributes class ALPHA_TEST_FUNCTION ALLOW_ALPHA_TEST_VALUE ALLOW_DEPTH_ENABLE OpenGL Reference: glAlphaFunc The RenderingAttributesclass allows pixels within the final rendered scene to be included or excluded based on the pixel Alpha (transparency) value (table 9.8). Assuming an Alpha test value of A, the test conditions listed in table 9.9 and shown in figure 9.16 are available. 137
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CULL_BACK CULL_FRONT CULL_NONE Cull face parameters (table 9.6) can be implemented as follows: polyAttribs.setCullFace( PolygonAttributes.CULL_BACK ); Table 9.7 Mode parameters POLYGON_FILL POLYGON_LINE POLYGON_POINT Polygon fill-mode parameters are shown in table 9.7. For example, to set line-only (wire frame) mode, use the following: polyAttribs.setPolygonMode( PolygonAttributes.POLYGON_LINE ); Figures 9.12 through 9.15 illustrate how normal vector flipping can influence both the lighting calculations, (compare the shading of the horizontal faces in figure 9.12 with figure 9.13), and surface culling (figure 9.14, 9.15). Figure 9.12 CULL_NONE, NORMAL_FLIP = false Figure 9.13 CULL_NONE, NORMAL_FLIP = true 136
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//enlarge the points and set antialiasing pointApp.setPointAttributes( new PointAttributes ( nPointSize, bAliased ) ); //create a Shape3D for the PointArray and assign the appearance Shape3D pointShape = new Shape3D( pointArray, pointApp ); //add the Shape3D to the BranchGroup and return bg.addChild( pointShape ); return bg; } 9.7 PolygonAttributes java.lang.Object | +–javax.media.j3d.SceneGraphObject | +–javax.media.j3d.NodeComponent | +–javax.media.j3d.PolygonAttributes Table 9.5 Capability bits for the PolygonAttributes class CULL_FACE MODE NORMAL_FLIP OFFSET OpenGL Reference: glCullFace, glFrontFace, glPolygonMode The PolygonAttributesclass encapsulates properties for how polygons are rendered (table 9.5). Polygon rendering is controlled by the following properties: Cull face: Determines which surfaces of the polygon are rendered. Either all surfaces or the backward-facing surfaces or the front-facing surfaces are rendered. Backward-facing surfaces are backward facing by virtue of the direction of their normal vector (calculated from the winding order of the vertices). That is, the vector normal to the surface is currently pointing away from the viewer. Rendering mode: Renders either the polygon as a filled triangular surface or just the edges of the surface as lines or just the vertices of the surface as points. Normal vector compensation: Flips the orientation of surface normal vectors. This mode is useful for geometry that is defined using clockwise winding when counter-clockwise winding should be used for surface normal vector calculation. Z-value offset: Shifts the geometry attached to the parent Appearanceaway from the eye (viewer) by the specified amount. By specifying an offset on one Shape3Dit can be moved in front of or behind the other Shape3D. Because of differences in OpenGL/DirectX hardware implementation, however, it is very difficult to achieve consistent results using this method. For example, to allow write access to the CULL_FACEproperty, use the following: PolygonAttributes polyAttribs = new PolygonAttributes(); polyAttribs.setCapability(PolygonAttributes.ALLOW_CULL_FACE_WRITE ); Table 9.6 Cull face parameters 135
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Figure 9.11 When rotated, nonantialiased points appear as squares aligned with the viewer The figures are taken from the PointTest.java example. The example defines the points to be rendered, as well as Appearances, as follows: //create a BranchGroup containing an nNumPoints x nNumPoints //array of points //the size of the points is set to nPointSize and antialiasing //is set to bAliased private BranchGroup createPoints( final int nPointSize, final int nNumPoints, boolean bAliased ) { BranchGroup bg = new BranchGroup(); //create a Text3D label describing the points String szText = new String(); szText += ( nNumPoints + “X, Size:” + nPointSize + “, aliased: ” + bAliased ); Font3D f3d = new Font3D( new Font( “SansSerif”, Font.PLAIN, 1), new FontExtrusion() ); Text3D label3D = new Text3D( f3d, szText, new Point3f(-5,0,0) ); Shape3D sh = new Shape3D( label3D ); bg.addChild( sh ); //create the PointArray used to hold the geometry for the points PointArray pointArray = new PointArray( nNumPoints * nNumPoints, GeometryArray.COORDINATES | GeometryArray.COLOR_3 ); //populate the PointArray that we will be rendering int nPoint = 0; final double factor = 1.0 / nNumPoints; for( int n = 0; n Check Tomcat Web Hosting services for best quality webspace to host your web application.

Figure 9.8 An array of colored points of size 8 pixels with antialiasing Figure 9.9 The same as in figure 9.8 but without antialiasing set in the PointAttributes The time taken to render a point (at NOTE least without hardware acceleration) is proportional to the size of the point in pixels. Note that a single point, when antialiased, approximates a sphere, in that it is never possible to view the point edge-on as a disc. When points are rendered without antialiasing, the point approximates a cube with each front face always perpendicular to the viewer. Figures 9.10 and 9.11 illustrate. Figure 9.10 When rotated, antialiased points appear as spheres 133
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Shininess: Gloss parameter that controls the effect of specular lighting. The effects of the various colors specified within the Materialare described in detail in the context of lighting in chapter 10. Figure 9.7 shows a cube rendered with an applied Material, and per-vertex colors on four vertices of the cube. Figure 9.7 Appearance with an applied Material with Ambient, Diffuse, Emissive, and Specular colors. Lighting calculations determine the shade of each surface 9.6 PointAttributes java.lang.Object | +–javax.media.j3d.SceneGraphObject | +–javax.media.j3d.NodeComponent | +–javax.media.j3d.PointAttributes Table 9.4 Capability bits for PointAttributes class ANTIALIASING SIZE OpenGL Reference: glPointSize, GL_POINT_SMOOTH The PointAttributesclass specifies rendering information for rendered points (table 9.4). PointAttributesencapsulates two appearance properties: ANTIALIASING: Boolean to specify whether points are antialiased SIZE: The size of each point in pixels If antialiasing is enabled, points are rendered as circular; if antialiasing is disabled, points are rendered as square (size pixels by size pixels) as shown in figures 9.8 and 9.9. 132
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Figure 9.5 Rendering with a LineAttributes of width 10 with antialiasing Figure 9.6 Rendering with a LineAttributes of width 2 with a Dash Dot pattern The lines rendered in LINEmode are effected by color, lighting, and texture applied to surfaces. 9.5 Material java.lang.Object | +–javax.media.j3d.SceneGraphObject | +–javax.media.j3d.NodeComponent | +–javax.media.j3d.Material Table 9.3 Capability bits for the Material class COMPONENT OpenGL Reference: glColorMaterial, glMaterial The Materialclass specifies surface rendering characteristics (table 9.3) using the following parameters: Surface colors Ambient Diffuse Emissive Specular Lighting enable: Controls whether lighting is enabled for the Shape3D. 131
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Antialiasing: on or off Pattern: dash, dash dot, dot, or solid Line width: In pixels To see the effect of the LineAttributesclass, the Appearancemust be set to render in LINE(wire frame) mode: Appearance app = new Appearance(); PolygonAttributes polyAttribs = new PolygonAttributes( PolygonAttributes.POLYGON_LINE, PolygonAttributes.app.setPolygonAttributes(polyAttribs ); See section 9.7.1 for more detail on PolygonAttributes. Figures 9.3 9.6 show examples rendered using various LineAttributestyles. Figure 9.3 Rendering in LINE mode with a null LineAttributes Figure 9.4 Rendering with a LineAttributes of width 10 without antialiasing 130
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