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Keep in mind that each binary distribution carries preset values about the target platform, such as default directories and configuration option values. Again, check the documentation and the makefile included in the source directory to see which directives and variables were used when the binary was compiled. In some cases, these will not be appropriate for your situation. A few configuration items can be reset with command-line options at runtime instead of at compile time. For example, if your binary tries to place any log, lock, or status files in the “wrong” place (for example, in /usr/local), you can override this without recompiling. One point worth mentioning is that the Samba source requires an ANSI C compiler. If you are on a platform with a non-ANSI compiler, such as the cc compiler on SunOS version 4, you ll have to install an ANSI-compliant compiler such as gcc before you do anything else.[3] If installing a compiler isn t something you want to wrestle with, you can start off with a binary package. However, for the most flexibility and compatibility on your system, we always recommend compiling from the latest source. [3] gcc binaries are available for almost every modern machine. See http://www.gnu.org/ for a list of sites with gcc and other GNU software. 2.1.2 Read the Documentation This sounds like an obvious thing to say, but there have probably been times where you have uncompressed a package, blindly typed configure, make, and makeinstall, and walked away to get another cup of coffee. We ll be the first to admit that we do that, many more times than we should. It s a bad idea - especially when planning a network with Samba. Samba 2.0 automatically configures itself prior to compilation. This reduces the likelihood of a machine-specific problem, but there may be an option mentioned in the README file that you end up wishing for after Samba s been installed. With both source and binary packages you ll find a large number of documents in the docs directory, in a variety of formats. The most important files to look at in the distribution are: WHATSNEW.txt docs/textdocs/UNIX_INSTALL.txt These files tell you what features you can expect in your Samba distribution, and will highlight common installation problems that you re likely to face. Be sure to look over both of them before you start the compilation process. 1.8 And That s Not All… 2.2 Configuring Samba O Reilly Home | O Reilly Bookstores | How to Order | O Reilly Contacts International | About O Reilly | Affiliated Companies 1999, O Reilly & Associates, Inc. 45
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2.1.1 Binary or Source? Precompiled packages are also available for a large number of Unix platforms. These packages contain binaries for each of the Samba executables as well as the standard Samba documentation. Note that while installing a binary distribution can save you a fair amount of trouble and time, there are a couple of issues that you should keep in mind when deciding whether to use the binary or compile the source yourself: The binary packages can lag behind the latest version of the software by one or two (maybe more) minor releases, especially after a series of small changes and for less popular platforms. Compare the release notes for the source and binary packages to make sure that there aren t any new features that you need on your platform. This is especially true of the sources and binaries on the CD-ROM: at the time this book went to print, they were from the latest production release of Samba. However, development is ongoing, so the beta-test versions on the Internet will be newer. If you use a precompiled binary, you will need to ensure that you have the correct libraries required by the executables. On some platforms the executables are statically linked so this isn t an issue, but on modern Unix operating systems (e.g., Linux, SGI Irix, Solaris, HP-UX, etc.), libraries are often dynamically linked. This means that the binary looks for the right version of each library on your system, so you may have to install a new version of a library. The README file or makefile that accompanies the binary distribution should list any special requirements.[2] [2] This is especially true with programs that use glibc-2.1 (which comes standard with Red Hat Linux 6). This library caused quite a consternation in the development community when it was released because it was incompatable with previous versions of glibc. Many machines with shared libraries come with a nifty tool called ldd. This tool will tell you which libraries a specific binary requires and which libraries on the system satisfy that requirement. For example, checking the smbd program on our test machine gave us: $ ldd smbd libreadline.so.3 => /usr/lib/libreadline.so. 3 libdl.so.2 => /lib/libdl.so. 2 libcrypt.so.1 => /lib/libcrypt.so. 1 libc.so.6 => /lib/libc.so. 6 libtermcap.so.2 => /lib/libtermcap.so. 2 /lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so. 2 If there are any incompatibilities between Samba and specific libraries on your machine, the distribution-specific documentation should highlight those. 44
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Read the installation documentation. 3. Configure a makefile. 4. Compile the server code. 5. Install the server files. 6. Create a Samba configuration file. 7. Test the configuration file. 8. Start the Samba daemons. 9. Test the Samba daemons. 2.1 Downloading the Samba Distribution If you want to get started quickly, the CD-ROM packaged with this book contains both the sources and binaries of Samba that were available as this book went to print. The CD is a mirror image of the files and directories on the Samba download server: ftp.samba.org. On the other hand, if you want to download the latest version, the primary web site for the Samba software is http://www.samba.org. Once connected to this page, you ll see links to several Samba mirror sites across the world, both for the standard Samba web pages and sites devoted exclusively to downloading Samba. For the best performance, choose a site that is closest to your own geographic location. The standard Samba web sites have Samba documentation and tutorials, mailing list archives, and the latest Samba news, as well as source and binary distributions of Samba. The download sites (sometimes called FTP sites) have only the source and binary distributions. Unless you specifically want an older version of the Samba server or are going to install a binary distribution, download the latest source distribution from the closest mirror site. This distribution is always named: samba-latest.tar.gz If you choose to use the version of Samba that is located on the CD-ROM packaged with this book, you should find the latest Samba distribution in the base directory. 43
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Samba Robert Eckstein, David Collier-Brown, Peter Kelly 1st Edition November 1999 1-56592-449-5, Order Number: 4495 416 pages, $34.95 Buy the hardcopy Table of Contents Chapter 2 2. Installing Samba on a Unix System Contents: Downloading the Samba Distribution Configuring Samba Compiling and Installing Samba A Basic Samba Configuration File Starting the Samba Daemons Testing the Samba Daemons Now that you know what Samba can do for you and your users, it s time to get your own network set up. Let s start with the installation of Samba itself on a Unix system. When dancing the samba, one learns by taking small steps. It s just the same when installing Samba; we need to teach it step by step. This chapter will help you to start off on the right foot. For illustrative purposes, we will be installing the 2.0.4 version of the Samba server on a Linux[1] system running version 2.0.31 of the kernel. However, the installation steps are the same for all of the platforms that Samba supports. A typical installation will take about an hour to complete, including downloading the source files and compiling them, setting up the configuration files, and testing the server. [1] If you haven t heard of Linux yet, then you re in for a treat. Linux is a freely distributed Unix-like operating system that runs on the Intel x86, Motorola PowerPC, and Sun Sparc platforms. The operating system is relatively easy to configure, extremely robust, and is gaining in popularity. You can get more information on the Linux operating system at http://www.linux.org/. Here is an overview of the steps: 1. Download the source or binary files. 2. 42
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Samba Robert Eckstein, David Collier-Brown, Peter Kelly 1st Edition November 1999 1-56592-449-5, Order Number: 4495 416 pages, $34.95 Buy the hardcopy Table of Contents Chapter 1 Learning the Samba 1.8 And That s Not All… Samba is a wonderful tool with potential for even the smallest SMB/CIFS network. This chapter presented you with a thorough introduction to what Samba is, and more importantly, how it fits into a Windows network. The next series of chapters will help you set up Samba on both the Unix server side, where its two daemons reside, as well as configure the Windows 95, 98, and NT clients to work with Samba. Before long, the aches and pains of your heterogeneous network may seem like a thing of the past. Welcome to the wonderful world of Samba! 1.7 What s New in Samba 2.0? 2. Installing Samba on a Unix System O Reilly Home | O Reilly Bookstores | How to Order | O Reilly Contacts International | About O Reilly | Affiliated Companies 1999, O Reilly & Associates, Inc. 41
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1.7.6 Smbwrapper Finally, there is an entirely new version of the Unix client called smbwrapper. Instead of a kernel module that allows Linux to act as a Samba client, there is now a command-line entry to load the library that provides a complete SMB filesystem on some brands of Unix. Once loaded, the command ls/smbwill list all the machines in your workgroup, and cd /smb/server_name/share_namewill take you to a particular share (shared directory), similar to the Network File System (NFS). As of this writing, smbwrapper currently runs on Linux, Solaris, SunOS 4, IRIX, and OSF/1, and is expected to run on several more operating systems in the near future. 1.6 How Can I Get Samba? 1.8 And That s Not All… O Reilly Home | O Reilly Bookstores | How to Order | O Reilly Contacts International | About O Reilly | Affiliated Companies 1999, O Reilly & Associates, Inc. 40
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1.7.3 Performance There are major performance and scalability increases in Samba: the code has been reorganized and nmbd (the Samba name service daemon) heavily rewritten: Name/browsing service now supports approximately 35,000 simultaneous clients. File and print services support 500 concurrent users from a single medium-sized server without noticeable performance degradation. Linux/Samba on identical hardware now consistently performs better than NT Server. And best of all, Samba is improving. Improved “opportunistic” locking allows client machines to cache entire files locally, greatly improving speed without running the risk of accidentally overwriting the cached files. 1.7.4 More Features There are several additional features in Samba 2.0. You can now have multiple Samba aliases on the same machine, each pretending to be a different server, a feature similar to virtual hosts in modern web servers. This allows a host to serve multiple departments and groups, or provide disk shares with normal username/password security while also providing printers to everyone without any security. Printing has been changed to make it easier for Unix System V owners: Samba can now find the available printers automatically, just as it does with Berkeley-style printing. In addition, Samba now has the capability to use multiple code pages, so it can be used with non-European languages, and to use the Secure Sockets Layer protocol (SSL) to encrypt all the data it sends across the Internet, instead of just passwords.[7] [7] If you reside in the United States, there are some federal rules and regulations dealing with strong cryptography. We ll talk about his later when we set up Samba and SSL in Appendix A, Configuring Samba with SSL. 1.7.5 Compatibility Improvements At the same time as it s becoming more capable, Samba is also becoming more compatible with Windows NT. Samba has always supported Microsoft-style password encryption. It now provides tools and options for changing over to Microsoft encryption, and for keeping the Unix and Microsoft password files synchronized while doing so. Finally, a Samba master browser can be instructed to hunt down and synchronize itself with other SMB servers on different LANs, allowing SMB to work seamlessly across multiple networks. Samba uses a different method of accomplishing this from the Microsoft method, which is undocumented. 39
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Samba Robert Eckstein, David Collier-Brown, Peter Kelly 1st Edition November 1999 1-56592-449-5, Order Number: 4495 416 pages, $34.95 Buy the hardcopy Table of Contents Chapter 1 Learning the Samba 1.7 What s New in Samba 2.0? Samba 2.0 was an eagerly-awaited package. The big additions to Samba 2.0 are more concrete support for NT Domains and the new Samba Web Administration Tool (SWAT), a browser-based utility for configuring Samba. However, there are dozens of other improvements that were introduced in the summer and fall of 1998. 1.7.1 NT Domains Samba s support for NT Domains (starting with version 2.0.x) produced a big improvement: it allows SMB servers to use its authentication mechanisms, which is essential for future NT compatibility, and to support NT domain logons. Domain logons allow a user to log in to a Windows NT domain and use all the computers in the domain without logging into them individually. Previous to version 2.0.0, Samba supported Windows 95/98 logon services, but not NT domain logons. Although domain logons support is not complete is Samba 2.0, it is partially implemented. 1.7.2 Ease of Administration SWAT, the Samba Web Administration Tool, makes it easy to set up a server and change its configuration, without giving up the simple text-based configuration file. SWAT provides a graphical interface to the resources that Samba shares with its clients. In addition, SWAT saves considerable experimentation and memory work in setting up or changing configurations across the network. You can even create an initial setup with SWAT and then modify the file later by hand, or vice versa. Samba will not complain. On the compilation side, GNU autoconf is now used to make the task of initial compilation and setup easier so you can get to SWAT quicker. 38
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Samba. We ve included source and binaries up to Samba 2.0.5 with this book. In addition, several of the testing tools that we refer to through the book are conveniently packaged on the CD-ROM. 1.5 An Overview of the Samba Distribution 1.7 What s New in Samba 2.0? O Reilly Home | O Reilly Bookstores | How to Order | O Reilly Contacts International | About O Reilly | Affiliated Companies 1999, O Reilly & Associates, Inc. 37
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Samba Robert Eckstein, David Collier-Brown, Peter Kelly 1st Edition November 1999 1-56592-449-5, Order Number: 4495 416 pages, $34.95 Buy the hardcopy Table of Contents Chapter 1 Learning the Samba 1.6 How Can I Get Samba? Samba is available in both binary and source format from a set of mirror sites across the Internet. The primary home site for Samba is located at http://www.samba.org/. However, if you don t want to wait for packets to arrive all the way from Australia, mirror sites for Samba can be found at any of several locations on the Internet. A list of mirrors is given at the primary Samba home page. In addition, a CD-ROM distribution is available in the back of this book. We strongly encourage you to start with the CD-ROM if this is your first time
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