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a modified version of tcpdump later in this section. (If you would like an SMB sniffer with a graphical interface, try “ethereal,” which uses the GTK libraries; see the Samba homepage for more information on this tool.) If you would like more information on each of the commands for the SMB protocol, see the SMB/CIFS documentation at ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/developr/drg/CIFS/. 3.3.1.3 SMB variations The SMB protocol has been extended with new commands several times since its inception. Each new version is backwards compatible with the previous versions. This makes it quite possible for a LAN to have various clients and servers running different versions of the SMB protocol at once. Table 3.3 outlines the major versions of the SMB protocol. Within each “dialect” of SMB are many sub-versions that include commands supporting particular releases of major operating systems. The ID string is used by clients and servers to determine what level of the protocol they will speak to each other. Table 3.3: SMB Protocol Dialects Protocol Name ID String Used By Core PC NETWORK PROGRAM 1.0 Core Plus MICROSOFT NETWORKS 1.03 LAN Manager 1.0 LANMAN1.0 LAN Manager 2.0 LM1.2X002 LAN Manager 2.1 LANMAN2.1 NT LAN Manager 1.0 NT LM 0.12 Windows NT 4.0 Samba s NT LM 0.12 Samba Samba Common Internet File System CIFS 1.0 Windows 2000 92
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Samba at an administrator level. However, they do come in handy when debugging system messages. We will show you some of the more common SMB messages that clients and servers send
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the command segment are shown in Table 3.2. Table 3.2: SMB Command Contents Field Size in Bytes Description WCT 1 Word count VWV Variable Parameter words (size given by WCT) BCC 2 Parameter byte count DATA Variable Data (size given by BCC) Don t worry if you don t understand each of these fields; they are not necessary for
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3.3.1 SMB Format Richard Sharpe of the Samba team defines SMB as a “request-response” protocol.[4] In effect, this means that a client sends an SMB request to a server, and the server sends an SMB response back to the client. Rarely does a server send a message that is not in response to a client. [4] See http://anu.samba.org/cifs/docs/what-is-smb.html for Richard s excellent summary of SMB. An SMB message is not as complex as you might think. Let s take a closer look at the internal structure of such a message. It can be broken down into two parts: the header, which is a fixed size, and the command string, whose size can vary dramatically based on the contents of the message. 3.3.1.1 SMB header format Table 3.1 shows the format of an SMB header. SMB commands are not required to use all the fields in the SMB header. For example, when a client first attempts to connect to a server, it does not yet have a tree identifier (TID) value - one is assigned after it successfully connects - so a null TID (0xFFFF) is placed in its header field. Other fields may be padded with zeros when not used. The fields of the SMB header are listed in Table 3.1. Table 3.1: SMB Header Fields Field Size (bytes) Description 0xFF SMB 1 Protocol identifier COM 1 Command code, from 0×00 to 0xFF RCLS 1 Error class REH 1 Reserved ERR 2 Error code REB 1 Reserved RES 14 Reserved TID 2 Tree identifier; a unique ID for a resource in use by client PID 2 Caller process ID UID 2 User identifier MID 2 Multiplex identifier; used to route requests inside a process 3.3.1.2 SMB command format Immediately after the header is a variable number of bytes that constitute an SMB command or reply. Each command, such as Open File (COM field identifier: SMBopen) or Get Print Queue (SMBsplretq), has its own set of parameters and data. Like the SMB header fields, not all of the command fields need to be filled, depending on the specific command. For example, the Get Server Attributes (SMBdskattr) command sets the WCT and BCC fields to zero. The fields of 91
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Samba Robert Eckstein, David Collier-Brown, Peter Kelly 1st Edition November 1999 1-56592-449-5, Order Number: 4495 416 pages, $34.95 Buy the hardcopy Table of Contents Chapter 3 Configuring Windows Clients 3.3 An Introduction to SMB/CIFS We ll wrap up this chapter with a short tutorial on SMB/CIFS. SMB/CIFS is the protocol that Windows 95/98 and NT machines use to communicate with the Samba server and each other. At a high level, the SMB protocol suite is relatively simple. It includes commands for all of the file and print operations that you might do on a local disk or printer, such as: Opening and closing a file Creating and deleting files and directories Reading and writing a file Searching for files Queueing and dequeueing files to a print spool Each of these operations can be encoded into an SMB message and transmitted to and from a server. The original name SMB comes from their data format: these are versions of the standard DOS system-call data structures, or Server Message Blocks, redesigned for transmitting to another machine across a network. 90
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If it works, congratulations! Try writing to the server and sending data to the network printer. You will be pleasantly surprised how seamlessly everything works! Now that you ve finished setting up the Samba server and its clients, we can starting talking about how Samba works and how to configure it to your liking. 3.1 Setting Up Windows 95/98 Computers 3.3 An Introduction to SMB/CIFS O Reilly Home | O Reilly Bookstores | How to Order | O Reilly Contacts International | About O Reilly | Affiliated Companies 1999, O Reilly & Associates, Inc. 89
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Windows 98 or Windows NT Service Pack 3 or above, this is probably because the client is sending encrypted passwords instead of plaintext passwords. You can remedy this situation by performing two steps on the Samba server. First, add the following entry to the [global] section of your Samba configuration file: encrypt password=yes. Second, find the smbpasswd program on the samba server (it is located in /usr/local/samba/bin by default) and use it to add an entry to Samba s encrypted password database. For example, to add user steveto Samba s encrypted password database, type smbpasswd -a steve. The first time you enter this password, the program will output an error message indicating that the password database does not exist; it will then create the database, which is typically stored in /usr/local/samba/private/smbpasswd. If you don t see the server listed, don t panic. Start the Windows NT Explorer (not Internet Explorer!) and select Map Network Drive from the Tools menu. A dialog box appears that allows you to type the name of your server and its share directory in Windows format. For example, you would enter \servertemp if your server happened to be named “server.” If things still aren t right, go directly to the section “The Fault Tree” in Chapter 9, to see if you can troubleshoot what is wrong with the network. 88
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Figure 3.26: Windows NT Network Neighborhood Double-clicking the server name will show the resources that the server is offering to the network, as shown in Figure 3.27. In this case, the test and the default printer are offered to the Window NT workstation. For more information, see the warning under the “Accessing the Samba Server” section, earlier in this chapter. Figure 3.27: Server s shares WARNING: If you are presented with a dialog requesting the password for a user IPC$, then Samba did not accept the password that was sent from the client. In this case, the username and the password that were created on the client side must match the username/password combination on the Samba server. If you are
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If you wish, you can copy the contents directly from the Samba server s /etc/hosts. The format is identical. This file will then serve the same purpose as the hosts file on the Unix server. Again, hosts files on Windows should only be used as a last resort. 3.2.2.5 Bindings The term bindings is a way of saying “connected together at configuration time.” It means that the TCP/IP protocol will channel through the Ethernet card (instead of, say, a dialup connection), and is actually connected properly. If you return to the Network dialog box and set the Show field to “all services” and click on all the + buttons in the tree, you should see a display similar to Figure 3.25. Figure 3.25: Service bindings This means that the Workstation, Server, and NetBIOS interface services are connected to the WINS client. This is the correct binding for Microsoft TCP/IP. 3.2.3 Connecting to the Samba Server You can safely leave the default values for the remainder of the tabs in the Network dialog box. Click on the OK button to complete the configuration. Once the proper files are loaded (if any), you will need to reboot in order for your changes to take effect. Now for the big moment. Your Samba server is running and you have set up your NT client to communicate with it. After the machine reboots, login and double-click the Network Neighborhood icon on the desktop, and you should see your Samba server listed as a member of the workgroup, as shown in Figure 3.26. 87
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If you have a WINS server, enter its address in the space marked Primary WINS Server. If your Samba server is providing WINS service (in other words, you have the line winsservice= yesin the smb.conf file of your Samba server), provide the Samba server s IP address here. Otherwise, provide the address of another WINS server on your network. You probably noticed that there is a field here for the adaptor; this field must specify the Ethernet adaptor that you re running TCP/IP on so that WINS will provide name service on the correct network. If you have both a LAN and a dialup adaptor, make sure you have the LAN s adaptor here. Finally, select the “Enable DNS for Windows Resolution” checkbox, so WINS will try DNS as a fallback if it can t find a name. You can safely ignore the other options. 3.2.2.4 Hosts files If you don t have either DNS or WINS, and you don t wish to use broadcast name resolution, you ll need to provide a table of IP addresses and hosts names, in standard Unix /etc/hosts format. We recommend against this because maintenance of this file on any dynamic network is troublesome, but we will explain it just the same. The Windows host file should appear in the WINDOWSHOSTS directory of whatever local drive Windows is installed on. A sample follows: 127.0.0.1 localhost 192.168.236.1 escrime escrime.example.com 192.168.236.2 riposte riposte.example.com 192.168.236.3 wizzin wizzin.example.com 192.168.236.4 touche touche.example.com 192.168.236.5 gurgi gurgi.example.com 192.168.236.6 jessiac jessiac.example.com 192.168.236.7 skyline skyline.example.com 86
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