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NetBIOS aliases for a Samba server 4.6 Networking Options with Samba 4.8 Logging Configuration Options O Reilly Home | O Reilly Bookstores | How to Order | O Reilly Contacts International | About O Reilly | Affiliated Companies 1999, O Reilly & Associates, Inc. 128
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[global] netbios aliases = sales accounting admin include = /usr/local/samba/lib/smb.conf.% L See Figure 4.7 for what the Network Neighborhood would display from a client.When a client attempts to connect to Samba, it will specify the name of the server that it s trying to connect to, which you can access through the %Lvariable. If the requested server is sales, Samba will include the /usr/local/samba/lib/smb.conf.sales file. This file might contain global and share declarations exclusively for the sales team, such as the following: [global] workgroup = SALES hosts allow = 192.168.10.255 [sales1998] path = /usr/local/samba/sales/sales1998/ .. . This particular example would set the workgroup to SALES as well, and set the IP address to allow connections only from the SALES subnet (192.168.10). In addition, it would offer shares specific to the sales department. Figure 4.7:
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Samba Robert Eckstein, David Collier-Brown, Peter Kelly 1st Edition November 1999 1-56592-449-5, Order Number: 4495 416 pages, $34.95 Buy the hardcopy Table of Contents Chapter 4 Disk Shares 4.7 Virtual Servers Virtual servers are a technique for creating the illusion of multiple NetBIOS servers on the network, when in reality there is only one. The technique is simple to implement: a machine simply registers more than one NetBIOS name in association with its IP address. There are tangible benefits to doing this. The accounting department, for example, might have an accountingserver, and clients of it would see just the accounting disks and printers. The marketing department could have their own server, marketing, with their own reports, and so on. However, all the services would be provided by one medium-sized Unix workstation (and one relaxed administrator), instead of having one small server and one administrator per department. Samba will allow a Unix server to use more than one NetBIOS name with the netbios aliases option. See Table 4.6. Table 4.6: Virtual Server Configuration Options Option Parameters Function Default Scope netbios aliases List of NetBIOS names Additional NetBIOS names to respond to, for use with multiple “virtual” Samba servers. None Global 4.7.1 netbios aliases The netbiosaliasesoption can be used to give the Samba server more than one NetBIOS name. Each NetBIOS name listed as a value will be displayed in the Network Neighborhood of a browsing machine. When a connection is requested to any machine, however, it will connect to the same Samba server. This might come in handy, for example, if you re transferring three departments data to a single Unix server with modern large disks, and are retiring or reallocating the old NT servers. If the three servers are called sales, accounting, and admin, you can have Samba represent all three servers with the following options: 127
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its default mode in order to change a password. 4.6.1.5 socket address The socketaddressoption dictates which of the addresses specified with the interfaces parameter Samba should listen on for connections. Samba accepts connections on all addresses specified by default. When used in an smb.conf file, this option will force Samba to listen on only one IP address. For example: interfaces = 192.168.220.100/24 192.168.210.30/24 socket address = 192.168.210.30 This option is a programmer s tool and we recommend that you do not use it. 4.5 Disk Share Configuration 4.7 Virtual Servers O Reilly Home | O Reilly Bookstores | How to Order | O Reilly Contacts International | About O Reilly | Affiliated Companies 1999, O Reilly & Associates, Inc. 126
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this option if you want to allow temporary network connections, such as those created through SLIP or PPP. It s very rare that this option is needed, and it should only be used by experts. If you set bind interfaces onlyto yes, you should add the localhost address (127.0.01) to the “interfaces” list. Otherwise, smbpasswd will be unable to connect to the server
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4.6.1.4 bind interfaces only The bindinterfacesonlyoption can be used to force the smbd and nmbd processes to serve SMB requests to only those addresses specified by the interfacesoption. The nmbd process normally binds to the all addresses interface (0.0.0.0.) on ports 137 and 138, allowing it to receive broadcasts from anywhere. However, you can override this behavior with the following: bind interfaces only = yes This will cause both Samba processes to ignore any packets whose origination address does not match the broadcast address(es) specified by the interfacesoption, including broadcast packets. With smbd, this option will cause Samba to not serve file requests to subnets other than those listed in the interfacesoption. You should avoid
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DHCP. 125
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the ALLkeyword is almost always a bad idea, since it means that anyone on any network can browse your files if they guess the name of your server. Note that there is no default value for the hostsallowconfiguration option, although the default course of action in the event that neither option is specified is to allow access from all sources. In addition, if you specify this option in the [global]section of the configuration file, it will override any hostsallow options defined shares. 4.6.1.2 hosts deny The hostsdenyoption (also denyhosts) specifies machines that do not have permission to access a share, written as a comma- or space-separated list of machine names or their IP addresses. Use the same format as specifying clients as the hostsallowoption above. For example, to restrict access to the server from everywhere but example.com, you could write: hosts deny = ALL EXCEPT .example.com Like hostsallow, there is no default value for the hostsdenyconfiguration option, although the default course of action in the event that neither option is specified is to allow access from all sources. Also, if you specify this option in the [global]section of the configuration file, it will override any hostsdenyoptions defined in shares. If you wish to deny hosts access to specific shares, omit both the hostsallowand hostsdenyoptions in the [global] section of the configuration file. 4.6.1.3 interfaces The interfacesoption outlines the network addresses to which you want the Samba server to recognize and respond. This option is handy if you have a computer that resides on more than one network subnet. If this option is not set, Samba searches for the primary network interface of the server (typically the first Ethernet card) upon startup and configures itself to operate on only that subnet. If the server is configured for more than one subnet and you do not specify this option, Samba will only work on the first subnet it encounters. You must use this option to force Samba to serve the other subnets on your network. The value of this option is one or more sets of IP address/netmask pairs, such as the following: interfaces = 192.168.220.100/255.255.255.0 192.168.210.30/255.255.255.0 You can optionally specify a CIDR format bitmask, as follows: interfaces = 192.168.220.100/24 192.168.210.30/24 The bitmask number specifies the first number of bits that will be turned on in the netmask. For example, the number 24 means that the first 24 (of 32) bits will be activated in the bit mask, which is the same as saying 255.255.255.0. Likewise, 16 would be equal to 255.255.0.0, and 8 would be equal to 255.0.0.0. This option may not work correctly if you are
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example: hosts allow = 192.168.220. localhost Note that we placed localhostafter the subnet address. One of the most common mistakes when attempting to use the hostsallowoption is to accidentally disallow the Samba server from communicating with itself. The smbpasswd program will occasionally need to connect to the Samba server as a client in order to change a user s encrypted password. In addition, local browsing propagation requires local host access. If this option is enabled and the localhost address is not specified, the locally-generated packets requesting the change of the encrypted password will be discarded by Samba, and browsing propagation will not work properly. To avoid this, explicitly allow the loopback address (either localhostor 127.0.0.1) to be used.[3] [3] Starting with Samba 2.0.5, localhostwill automatically be allowed unless it is explicitly denied. You can specify any of the following formats for this option: Hostnames, such as ftp.example.com. IP addresses, like 130.63.9.252. Domain names, which can be differentiated from individual hostnames because they start with a dot. For example, .ora.comrepresents all machines within the ora.com domain. Netgroups, which start with an at-sign, such as @printerhosts. Netgroups are available on systems running yellow pages/NIS or NIS+, but rarely otherwise. If netgroups are supported on your system, there should be a netgroupsmanual page that describes them in more detail. Subnets, which end with a dot. For example, 130.63.9.means all the machines whose IP addresses begin with 130.63.9. The keyword ALL, which allows any client access. The keyword EXCEPTfollowed by more one or more names, IP addresses, domain names, netgroups, or subnets. For example, you could specify that Samba allow all hosts except those on the 192.168.110 subnet with hostsallow=ALLEXCEPT192.168.110. (remember the trailing dot). 124
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the bindinterfacesonlyoption is a way to shut out even datagrams from foreign subnets from being received by the Samba server. In addition, it instructs the smbd process to bind to only the interface list given by the interfaces option. This restricts the networks that Samba will serve. 4.6.1 Networking Options The networking options we introduced above are summarized in Table 4.5. Table 4.5: Networking Configuration Options Option Parameters Function Default Scope hosts allow (allow hosts) string (list of hostnames) Specifies the machines that can connect to Samba. none Share hosts deny (deny hosts) string (list of hostnames) Specifies the machines that cannot connect to Samba. none Share interfaces string (list of IP/netmask combinations) Sets the network interfaces Samba will respond to. Allows correcting defaults. system-dependent Global bind interfaces only boolean If set to yes, Samba will bind only to those interfaces specified by the interfacesoption. no Global socket address string (IP address) Sets IP address to listen on, for use with multiple virtual interfaces on a server. none Global 4.6.1.1 hosts allow The hostsallowoption (sometimes written as allowhosts) specifies the machines that have permission to access shares on the Samba server, written as a comma- or space-separated list of names of machines or their IP addresses. You can gain quite a bit of security by simply placing your LAN s subnet address in this option. For example, we specified the following in our 123
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